at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
adds force or indicates command
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all