indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain; England
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
it is not (like that) either
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to throw; to hurl; to give up; to abandon; to cast (a glance, shadow, doubt, etc.)
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
to hit (e.g. one's head); to strike; to throw (e.g. a ball, a question, a demand); to express; to vent (e.g. one's anger)
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
invention; intelligent; clever; (arch.) making sense (of something); (arch.) understanding
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...