indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
artificial; man-made; human work; human skill; artificiality
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
probably isn't (doesn't, won't, etc.); don't (doesn't) intend to; intend not to; must not; (when used in an imperative sentence) don't
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh