indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
remote past; far ago; time immemorial
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
you (plural); all of you; you all
earthling; earthman; terrestrial; citizen of Earth
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
before; prior to; ago; the past; before; previously
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
dawn; daybreak; beginning
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go upstream; to go up (a river); to go back (to the past or origin); to date back (to); to trace back (to)
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
unbroken; uninterrupted; continuous
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
very interesting; of great interest
observation; survey; watching
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.); coverage
about; on; regarding; per; for every
(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
essence; true nature; substance; reality
at (a time or place); in; in (a situation, matter, etc.); on (a point); on the part of; under the authority of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
independence; self-reliance