indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
lazy; idle; indolent; slothful
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
love; affection; attachment; craving; agape; Ireland
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to shiver; to shake; to quake; to tremble; to quaver; to quiver
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; the present time; just now; another; more