cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one night; one evening; all night; overnight
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
trouble; bother; annoyance; to be troubled (by); to be bothered (by); to be inconvenienced (by)
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
don't you think?; indicates question
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
nail (e.g. fingernail, toenail); claw; plectrum; pick; hook; clasp
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
My goodness!; Good lord!; Holy cow!
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")