indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nocturnal luminescence; noctilucence
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
should; must; -able; probably; likely
magic; sorcery; incantation
Buddhist priest; bonze; layman dressed like a priest; person
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already