indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
angle; square; cube; bishop; third degree (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); Chinese "horn" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); jiao (monetary unit of China; one-tenth of a yuan)
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
is not ... either; is (neither ...) nor ...; nor is it ...; does not ... either; (neither ...) nor ...; does not even ...
nocturnal luminescence; noctilucence
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to cling to; to hang onto; to rely on; to depend on; to implore; to entreat
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
great depth; bottomless; great height
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (of China; 9-23 CE)
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
charm; spell; curse; malediction; dharani; mantra
department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; club (at a school, university, etc.); team; part; portion
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
cosmic dual forces; yin and yang; sun and moon; positive and negative (magnetic poles, electric terminals, etc.); cathode and anode
government office; agency; board
same period; corresponding period; same year (of graduation, entering a company, etc.); contemporary; synchronization; synchronism
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
all night long; all through the night
about; on; regarding; per; for every
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
trouble; bother; annoyance; to be troubled (by); to be bothered (by); to be inconvenienced (by)