why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become hoarse; to become impure (of a heart, society, etc.); to be corrupted
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
fragment; broken piece; chip; ounce (of truth, conscience, etc.); trace; shred
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be in a tizzy; to be in a frenzy; to have one's eyes light up; to have a different look in one's eyes
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
national politics; political situation; statecraft; body politic
disorder; chaos; confusion; mayhem
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
economic crisis; financial crisis
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to repeat; to be frequent
edict; ordinance; proclamation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
dissatisfaction; discontent; displeasure; complaint; unhappiness
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
poverty; penury; need; shortage; lack; want
already; now; no longer; not any more
to reach; to get to; to arrive at
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...