indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
diamond; (railway) schedule; timetable; diagram
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(medical) doctor; physician
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
backdoor; rear entrance; rear exit; unauthorized; illicit; illegal
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
elderly housekeeper; elderly maid; wet nurse; nanny
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
strict; severe; stringent; rigorous; rigid; firm
locking up (doors and windows); fastening the doors
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
these days; nowadays; now; at present; recently; lately