the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
one (small animal); two-tan bolt of cloth
orphan; person without friends
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
poor; pitiable; pathetic; pitiful
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to find; to discover; to come across; to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
to be found; to be discovered
exactly; precisely; just; just (like); as if; as though
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); canine; squealer; rat; loser; asshole
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to lose (through death; e.g. a wife, child)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
rising up (of smoke, clouds, etc.); towering; plump; chubby; welling up (of an emotion); boiling up
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
name; given name; first name
trembling (with fear, anger, etc.); shivering (with cold); shaking; quivering