indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around; having an active sex life
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
field; sphere; realm; division; branch
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
advance (into a new market or stage of progress); launching (a new career or venture); expanding (into a new market); stepping forward; emerging
generic; general purpose; all-purpose
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
social; societal; societary
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to create; to bring forth; to invent; to think up and bring into being; to give birth to; to bear
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
successive occurrence; frequent occurrence; succession (of); series
Metropolitan Police Department (esp. Tokyo)
central government office; head office; this office
defense; defence; guard; policing; security
the staff; inside the department
special; particular; peculiar; unique
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
lesson; section (in an organization); division; counter for lessons and chapters (of a book)
establishment; founding; organization; organisation
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
opposition; rivalry; competition; antagonism
popular name; common name; nickname; alias
birth; creation; formation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
suffix for train car numbers
firing; shooting; fire; gunshot; marksmanship