indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
suffix for familiar person
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Old World (i.e. Asia, Africa, Europe)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
mwahahaha (evil laughter)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
originally; by nature; from the start