indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
total darkness; pitch dark; bleak future; poor prospects
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to feel; to sense; to experience
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
10,000,000,000; ten billion
honorific/polite/humble prefix
brimming with health (vigor, vigour); full of vitality; full of health
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
for example; for instance; e.g.
denotes uncertainty; such things as A and B; A and B and so on; A and B and the like
average; mean; balance; equilibrium
last; final; closing; last train (bus, flight, etc.; of the day)
writing; entry (e.g. to a form); posting (e.g. to a blog)
time; (the) hour; favourable time; opportunity; chance
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
time; hour; period; class
difference; variation; difference
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
counting backwards; calculating backwards; inverse operation; reverse operation
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
starting point; starting line