indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
lapis lazuli; lapis lazuli (color); beryl; mall blue passerine bird (esp. the blue-and-white flycatcher and the Siberian blue robin, but also the red-flanked bluetail); glass
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command
suffix for familiar person
older sister; elder sister
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
game (contest) held in the presence of a lord (daimyo, shogun)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
electricity; (electric) light
black magic; black art; witchcraft; sorcery
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major