indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
lateness; tardiness; arriving late
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
suffix for familiar person
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
don't you think?; indicates question
thrust; charge; digging into (a matter); depth; straight man (of a comedy duo); quip; jab
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at