indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
department; section; course (of study); branch of study; (taxonomical) family
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
workshop; studio; atelier
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
communication with the dead
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
black magic; sorcery; magic tricks; juggling
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
law and politics; justice administration
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
master; teacher; stable master
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
head house (family); birthplace; originator