indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
small hawk or falcon (used for hunting); falconry (using small hawks or falcons)
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
adds force or indicates command
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
and; or; and the like; and so forth; and what not
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
honorific/polite/humble prefix
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
summer vacation; summer holiday
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to