indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
elm bark clothes traditionally worn by the Ainu; elm bark textile
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
shape; form; appearance; state; situation; suitable
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
cool; refreshing; clear (e.g. eyes); bright; clear; distinct
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
how; in what way; how about
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last