indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)