indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
shopping district; shopping street; downtown
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
mochi; (sticky) rice cake
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
father; dad; husband; you; he
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
rice cakes; pounded mochi rice
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence