indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
tool; means; ingredients (added to soup, rice, etc.); counter for sets of armor, utensils, furniture, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
I see; that's right; indeed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff