indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
please (give me); please (do for me)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; how about
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?