indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very