bad; wrong; must not (do, be); should not; useless; no good; hopeless
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
while; during; while; although; all; both
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
great; excellent; distinguished; important; awful; terrible
people; (all) persons; everyone; (arch.) you (usu. plural)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
way; manner; (for) the first time in (e.g. ten years); after ...; ...-sized; amount (equivalent to ...)
inspection; study by observation; field trip; sitting out (e.g. PE class)
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
pupil; student; schoolchild
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
usual; normal; long (of time); old; for a long time; for a while
(good) result; outcome; fruits (of one's labors); product; accomplishment
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to show; to display; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
(flight of) stone steps; stone stairway
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!