wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
study; diligence; discount; reduction
while; during; while; although; all; both
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
people; (all) persons; you (usu. plural); various
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
style; manner; way; after (period of time) again (e.g. meeting again after a year); for the first time in (period of time)
inspection; study by observation; field trip; sitting out (e.g. PE class)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
pupil; student; schoolchild
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
(good) result; outcome; fruits (of one's labors); product; accomplishment
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
understood; I see; OK; present; here
(flight of) stone steps; stone stairway
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper