ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
bad; wrong; must not (do, be); should not; useless; no good; hopeless
book; volume; this; present; main; head; real
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
market (financial, stock, domestic, etc.); marketplace; exchange; (street) market
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to buy; to purchase; to value (highly); to think highly of; to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
director (of a hospital, institution, academy, etc.); superintendent; rector
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
coachman; driver; cabman; postilion
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
trifling; trivial; slight
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust