indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
base (military, expedition, etc.)
private citizen; civilian
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
integration; unification; unity; combination; consolidation; synthesis
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
first lieutenant; lieutenant junior grade
reactor; reacting furnace
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very