indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
your house; your home; your husband; your organization; you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stay at (e.g. hotel); to be docked; to be berthed; to be moored
to stick through; to force through; to spread throughout; to thoroughly diffuse; to make a path between two points; to proceed in a logical manner; to let pass
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
difficult; tough; formidable; redoubtable; stubborn
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to dominate (usu. one's husband)
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hit (e.g. one's head); to strike; to throw (e.g. a ball, a question, a demand); to express; to vent (e.g. one's anger)