indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
return gift; return favour; revenge; change (in a cash transaction)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
leaves turning red (in autumn); red leaves; autumn colours; fall colors
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
travel; trip; journey; excursion; tour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
pleasantly warm; nice and warm; repeatedly (hitting someone); again and again; over and over
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
warm; mild; considerate; kind; warm (of a colour); mellow
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
time; hour; period; class
to spend (time); to pass; to overdo (esp. alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); to take care of; to support
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
thump-thump; bang-bang; pit-a-pat; to beat fast (of one's heart); to throb; to pound
to be excited; to be nervous; to be thrilled
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to clear up; to clear away; to refresh (e.g. spirits); to be cleared (e.g. of a suspicion); to be dispelled; to be banished
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (of China; 9-23 CE)
first-year student; first-year pupil; beginner; novice; annual; annual plant
people; (all) persons; everyone; (arch.) you (usu. plural)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
lovely; sweet; pretty; cute; adorable
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
suffix for familiar person
attendance; presence; appearance
good; OK; all right; fine; very well; will do
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish