indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
devil; demon; Satan; the Devil; Māra; evil spirits or forces that hinder one's path to enlightenment
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
nashi (Pyrus pyrifolia, esp. var. culta); Japanese pear; Asian pear; sand pear; apple pear
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
neck; head; dismissal; discharge
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
little girl; maiden; young lady; female usually between 7 and 18 years old
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; soon; already; yet; further; more