to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
don't you think?; indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
turning around; spinning around; curling up; round and charming (e.g. eyes)
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
to suit; to match; to become; to be like
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that