indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
bright; intelligent; clever; smart
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be negligent in doing something; to shirk; to be off one's guard
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
study; diligence; discount; reduction
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
future (usually near); prospects
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
life; living; I; me; student
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
gradually; day by day; every day; each day
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
myself; yourself; I; me; you
in comparison to; rather than
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
calculation; reckoning; count; forecast
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to grow up; to become an adult
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to