commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
union; alliance; combination; RENGO (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
true state; actual condition; reality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
(abstract) symbol; emblem; representation
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
(social) position; status
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to have a good command of (a language); to play proficiently (of a musical instrument); to work (a puppet); to pull the strings of a puppet
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
arbitrariness; despotism; high-handedness; tyranny
to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; to investigate thoroughly; to master
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
the people; citizens; the populace
poverty; penury; need; shortage; lack; want
stagnation; tie-up; standstill; congestion; delay; accumulation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
vitality; energy; dynamism
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
order of chivalry; chivalric order
to face; to go towards; to head towards
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
Japanese person; Japanese people
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result