year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to name; to call; to christen; to term
colony; (Japanese) settlement (in Brazil)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
holiness; sacredness; sanctity; dignity
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
civil war; insurrection; rebellion; domestic conflict
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to come to an end; to close the curtain
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
order of chivalry; chivalric order
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...