to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to bite; to chew; to gnaw; to fumble one's words (esp. during a play, broadcast, etc.); to falter with one's words; to crash against (e.g. of waves); to break onto (shore)
does not seem; unlikely; improbable
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
orders; instructions; directive; command
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
to gain the understanding (of); to obtain consent (from)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to ascertain; to check; to make sure