indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
tiger (Panthera tigris); drunkard; drunk; sot
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
sweet (e.g. young girls, flowers blooming); touchingly lovely; cute; pitiful; pitiable
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt