indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
eleven; team (of eleven players; esp. in soccer)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
student (esp. a university student)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop