indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(some) more; even more; longer; further
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
dissection; autopsy; analysis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
suffix for familiar person
toilet; restroom; bathroom; lavatory
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
two reams (of paper); 1000 sheets (of paper); stanza; verse; tribe (in taxonomy); forecast (bet); bet which predicts the top 2 finishers (i.e. quinella or perfecta bet)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine