indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
conquest; subjugation; overcoming
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
suffix for familiar person
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
android; Android (mobile operating system)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few