indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
prison guard; warder; jailer; gaoler
cloudiness; cloudy weather; fog (on a mirror, glasses, etc.); cloud (e.g. in marble); gloom; dejection
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend