indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
sea god; Poseidon; Neptune; sea; ocean
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
(some) more; even more; longer; further
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
great (i.e. great-grandson, great-grandmother)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
Ms; Miss; Madame; highbrow (woman); cerebral
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
after all; because; but; even; too; as well