indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
suffix for familiar person
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
(social) position; status
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
scale (of fish, snake, etc.); serif (on kana or kanji (e.g. in Mincho font))
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
study; diligence; discount; reduction