indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
white sandbar; white sandbank; area in a garden or entrance of a house laid with white sand or pebbles; gravel separating a noh stage from the audience; (arch.) court of law in the Edo period, in which the parties sat on white sand
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
Pau (France); Poe; Po (river in Italy)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to transcribe; to duplicate; to describe; to film; to picture
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn