indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
please (give me); please (do for me)
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
connection; attachment; changing trains; conjunction
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!