indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
first number (e.g. issue of a magazine); No. 1 type
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; the present time; just now; another; more
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
signal; signalling; signaling; traffic light; traffic signal
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen