indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
how; in what way; how about
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
feeling; sense; impression
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
invasion; incursion; raid; aggression; intrusion; trespass
script; screenplay; scenario