indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
family; members of a family
anyone; anybody; everyone; everybody; whoever
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah