to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
very high; high up; aloft; only; merely; just
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to pass (of time); to elapse
even though; despite; when
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
world; society; people; the public
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
spirits of war dead; person of great ability; soul of a talented person
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
use; utilization; utilisation; application
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to get tired of; to lose interest in; to be fed up with; to have enough
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go after one's dreams; to follow one's dreams; to pursue one's dreams
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
last days; the end; one's fate
that's the way it is; such is life
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
really; truly; indeed; good grief
lack of filial piety; disobedience to one's parents
to open one's mouth (to talk); to (start to) tell
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
(animal) feed; fodder; pet food; bait; lure; enticement
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like