jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

5

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

9

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

5

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

1

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

3

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

1

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

2

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

8

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

7

to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen

1

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

6

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

1

be; is

9

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

1

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

1

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

2

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

2

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

1

to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience

1

that; those; the

1

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

1

and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing

1

honorific/polite/humble prefix

7

is not; am not; are not; isn't it?

1

to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember

1

now; the present time; just now; another; more

1

to; towards; for

1

what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest

2

that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?

1

to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need

2

indicates question

3

today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays

2

house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name

1

nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...

1

where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent

1

work; job; labor; work

1

child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot

1

this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me

4

immediately; right away; at once; instantly

1

this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately

1

to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry

1

remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively

1

very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave

1

tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well

1

recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest

1

when it becomes; when it comes to

1

but; however; although

1

ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah

3

yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?

5

then; well; so; be; is

2