jpdb beta

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

13

be; is

13

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

12

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

9

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

7

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

6

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

5

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

4

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

4

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

4

I; me

4

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

4

today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays

4

summer clothing

4

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

3

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

3

nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible

3

only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to

3

and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing

3

no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all

3

indicates question

3

I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that

3

ah; oh; hey!

3

body measurements

3

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

2

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

2

to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen

2

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

2

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

2

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

2

was; were

2

again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and

2

what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few

2

to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?

2

that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)

2

it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?

2

big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important

2

definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness

2

but; however; although

2

isn't that right?

2

eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey

2

to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed

2

it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...

2

to collect; to assemble; to gather

2

seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of

2

to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour

2

back; reverse; rear side; height; stature; ridge (of a mountain)

2

(cow's) milk

2

this week

2